重建智利災后公園和濱海步道
Mitigation Park and Seaside Promenade designed by ELEMENTAL

由專筑網王雪純，小R編譯

面對自然威脅，用自然來解答。

2010年2月27日，智利遭受了一場里氏8.8級地震和海嘯的襲擊。多達30萬套住房受損，造成500人死亡，孔斯蒂圖西翁（Constitución）城市中的遇難者達100人。身體的傷害之后便是社會的動蕩，人們因擔心基本需求得不到滿足，開始洗劫和搶掠商店。警察和軍隊維持公共秩序，重建迫在眉睫。但顯然，如果重建只是倉促行事而沒有全盤布局，品質將會大打折扣。

于是，森林公司Arauco委托Elemental建筑事務所，設計一項關于如何重建孔斯蒂圖西翁的總體規劃。建筑事務所擁有100天的設計時間，從公共建筑到公共空間，從住房到新的交通路線，從重新思考城市的能源矩陣到快速復蘇經濟的策略規劃。其中最關鍵的是如何保護城市不受未來海嘯的侵害，這是在之前智利城市設計中尚未出現過的板塊。建筑事務所將其稱為PRES孔斯蒂圖西翁，即Plan de REconstruccion Sustentable（可持續重建計劃）。

Against Geographical Threats, Provide Geographical Answers.
On February 27th 2010, Chile was hit by an 8,8º Richter scale earthquake and tsunami. As many as 300,000 housing units were damaged; 500 people died, 100 of them in Constitución. The physical damage was followed by social unrest: people afraid of not having basic needs satisfied, started sackings and lootings of stores. Police and the military were called to keep the public order. The reconstruction was urgent. But it was also clear that rushing without a plan could compromise the quality of the result.
So, forest company Arauco, called Elemental to deliver a Masterplan for how to rebuild Constitución. We were given 100 days to design from public buildings to public space, from housing to new transportation routes, from rethinking the energy matrix of the city to strategies for fast economic recovery. And mainly, how to protect the city against future tsunamis, something unheard in Chilean urban design. We called it PRES Constitución, which stands for Plan de REconstruccion Sustentable (Sustainable Reconstruction Plan).







如此龐大的城市規劃必須將居民的想法考慮進去。因此，建筑事務所拿出了一個參與式設計過程，以便引導設計的形態。參與式設計并非是一場充滿想象的事，事實上，它甚至也不是去詢問一個社區對問題有什么辦法，而是要精確地識別正確的問題是什么。如果問題就不對，那么答案再優秀也沒有本質作用，真正的問題是如何保護城市免受未來海嘯的侵害。當時還有一些備選的方案。

備選方案一：禁止在受災最嚴重的區域進行建設�；ㄙM3000萬美元進行土地征用。

備選方案二：建造一堵大墻，依賴其沉重的基礎設施來抵擋海浪的能量。大型建筑公司很中意這個方案，因為這意味著4200萬美元的合同，并且也是政治上的首選，因為它不需要土地征用。

但由于建筑事務所選擇了過程參與，他們詢問公眾：還有什么困擾著你們？這座城市馬上要從頭開始重新規劃，你們還有什么問題希望現在就解決？公眾的回答是：保護城市免受未來海嘯的侵害固然好，我們真心感激，但下一次海嘯可能要20年后才來。然而，每年我們都會因為雨水而遇到洪水問題。另外，我們處于國家的森林地區中部，我們的公共空間很糟糕，而且太少了。城市的起源、我們的身份，并未真正與倒塌的建筑相連，而是與河流相連，但河流的岸邊卻是私人所有，無法公開進入。

于是，建筑事務所認為必須提出第三個方案：針對自然威脅，用自然來解答。如果在城市和海之間，擁有一片森林會如何？一片不試圖抵抗自然能量，而是通過增加摩擦來消散能量的森林。一片可能能夠層壓水流并防止洪水的森林，可以償還公共空間的歷史欠債，并最終提供民主化的河流通道。

Such a huge level of potential transformation of the city had to include its citizens. So, we started a participatory design process in order to inform the form of the designs. Participatory design is not a hippie, romantic, let’s-all-dream-together-about-the-future-of-the-city kind of thing. It is actually not even asking a community what they think is a right answer to their problem. It is mainly trying to identify with precision what is the right question. There is nothing worse than answering well the wrong question. And the question here was how to protect the city against future tsunamis. There were some alternatives floating in the air.
The first one: Forbid installation on ground zero. 30 million dollars spent mainly in land expropriation.
Second alternative: build a big wall, heavy infrastructure to resist the energy of the waves. Big building companies conveniently lobbied this alternative, because it meant 42 million dollars in contracts, and was also politically preferred, because it required no land expropriation.
But given we opted for a participatory process; we asked the people: What else is bothering you? What other problems do you have, and you want us to take care of now that the city will have to be rethought from scratch? And what they said was: look, it’s fine to protect the city against future tsunamis, we really appreciate, but the next one is going to come in, what, 20 years? But every single year, we have problems of flooding due to rain. In addition, we are in the middle of the forest region of the country, and our public space sucks. It’s poor and it’s scarce. And the origin of the city, our identity, is not really connected to the buildings that fell, it is connected to the river, but the river cannot be accessed publicly, because its shores are privately owned.
So, we thought that we had to produce a third alternative: Against geographical threats, provide geographical answers. What if, between the city and the sea, we have a forest? A forest that doesn’t try to resist the energy of nature but dissipates it by introducing friction. A forest that may be able to laminate the water and prevent the flooding, that may pay the historical debt of public space and that may provide, finally, democratic access to the river.







這個方案在政治上和社會上都得到了認可，但仍然存在成本問題：4800萬美元。建筑事務所在公共投資體系中進行了一項調查，發現有三個部門在完全相同的地方有三個項目，彼此不知道對方項目的存在。它們的總和：5200萬美元。所以，設計方案更有效地利用城市中最稀缺的資源，那不是金錢，而是協調。通過這樣做能夠節省400萬美元，這就是今天森林正在建設的原因。

The alternative was validated politically and socially, but there was still the problem of the cost: 48 million dollars. So, we did a survey in the public investment system, and found out that there were three ministries with three projects in the exact same place, not knowing of the existence of the other projects. The sum of them: 52 million dollars. So, design’s power of synthesis is trying to make a more efficient use of the scarcest resource in cities, which is not money but coordination. By doing so, we were able to save four million dollars, and that is why the forest is today under construction.



























項目信息
建筑事務所： ELEMENTAL | Alejandro Aravena, Gonzalo Arteaga, Juan Cerda, Diego Torres, Víctor Oddó
設計團隊：Felipe Arrue, Matías Magnelli, Claudio Tapia
項目地點：智利
項目類型：社會參與 / 防洪防澇系統 / 林地 / 瞭望臺 / 公園
客戶：市政府 | Arauco森林公司 | 住房和城鄉規劃部
場地面積：16公頃公園| 長4.5km的步道
項目時間：2010-2012
建造時間：2023（建造中）
圖片來源：@Felipe Diaz Contardo, @ELEMENTAL

Project Data
Architect: ELEMENTAL | Alejandro Aravena, Gonzalo Arteaga, Juan Cerda, Diego Torres, Víctor Oddó
Design Team: Felipe Arrue, Matías Magnelli, Claudio Tapia
Location: Chile
Type: Community Participation / Flood Resilience / Forest / Look-outs / Parks
Client: Municipality of Constitución | Arauco Forest Company | Ministry of Housing and Urbanism
Location: Constitución, CHILE
Length: 16.0-hectare park | 4.5 km length promenade
Project: 2010-2012
Built: 2023 (under construction)
Photo Credits: @Felipe Diaz Contardo, @ELEMENTAL